信号量（semaphores）是20世纪60年代中期EdgserDijkstra发明的。使用信号量的最初目的是为了给共享资源建立一个标志，该标志表示该共享资源被占用情况。这样，当一个任务在访问共享资源之前，就可以先对这个标志进行查询，从而在了解资源被占用的情况之后，再来决定自己的行为。
实际的应用中，信号量的作用又该如何体现呢？比如有个30人的电脑机房，我们就可以创建信号量的初始化值是30，表示30个可用资源，不理解的初学者表示信号量还有初始值？是的，信号量说白了就是共享资源的数量。另外我们要求一个同学使用一台电脑，这样每有一个同学使用一台电脑，那么信号量的数值就减一，直到30台电脑都被占用，此时信号量的数值就是0。如果此时还有几个同学没有电脑可以使用，那么这几个同学就得等待，直到有同学离开。有一个同学离开，那么信号量的数值就加1，有两个就加2，依此类推。刚才没有电脑用的同学此时就有电脑可以用了，有几个同学用，信号量就减几，直到再次没有电脑可以用，这么一个过程就是使用信号量来管理共享资源的过程。
平时使用信号量主要实现以下两个功能：
1、两个任务之间或者中断函数与任务之间的同步功能，这个和前面章节讲解的事件标志组是类似的。其实就是共享资源为1的时候。
2、多个共享资源的管理，就像上面举的机房上机的例子。
针对这两种功能，FreeRTOS分别提供了二值信号量和计数信号量，其中二值信号量可以理解成计数信号量的一种特殊形式，即初始化为仅有一个资源可以使用，只不过FreeRTOS对这两种都提供了API函数，而像RTX，uCOS-II和III是仅提供了一个信号量功能，设置不同的初始值就可以分别实现二值信号量和计数信号量。当然，FreeRTOS使用计数信号量也能够实现同样的效果。另外，为什么叫二值信号量呢？因为信号量资源被获取了，信号量值就是0，信号量资源被释放，信号量值就是1，把这种只有0和1两种情况的信号量称之为二值信号量。
实际上信号量还有很多其它用法，而且极具挑战性，可以大大的开拓大家的视野，有兴趣的同学可以阅读一下《The Little Book Of Semaphores》，作者是Allen B.Downy。
本章节主要为大家讲解二值信号量的消息同步功能，二值信号量的另一个互斥功能在下一章节的互斥信号量中做专门的讲解。
FreeRTOS的配置：
FreeRTOSConfig.h文件中的配置如下：
复制代码
/* Ensure stdint is only used by the compiler, and not the assembler. */
#if defined(__ICCARM__) || defined(__CC_ARM) || defined(__GNUC__)
#include
extern volatile uint32_t ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks;
#endif
#define configUSE_PREEMPTION 1
#define configUSE_IDLE_HOOK 0
#define configUSE_TICK_HOOK 0
#define configCPU_CLOCK_HZ ( ( unsigned long ) 72000000 )
#define configTICK_RATE_HZ ( ( TickType_t ) 1000 )
#define configMAX_PRIORITIES ( 5 )
#define configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE ( ( unsigned short ) 128 )
#define configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE ( ( size_t ) ( 17 * 1024 ) )
#define configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN ( 16 )
#define configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY 1
#define configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS 0
#define configIDLE_SHOULD_YIELD 1
/* Run time and task stats gathering related definitions. */
#define configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS 1
#define configUSE_STATS_FORMATTING_FUNCTIONS 1
#define portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS() (ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks = 0ul)
#define portGET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE() ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks
//#define portALT_GET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE 1
/* Co-routine definitions. */
#define configUSE_CO_ROUTINES 0
#define configMAX_CO_ROUTINE_PRIORITIES ( 2 )
/* Set the following definitions to 1 to include the API function, or zero
to exclude the API function. */
#define INCLUDE_vTaskPrioritySet 1
#define INCLUDE_uxTaskPriorityGet 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskDelete 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskCleanUpResources 0
#define INCLUDE_vTaskSuspend 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskDelayUntil 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskDelay 1
/* Cortex-M specific definitions. */
#ifdef __NVIC_PRIO_BITS
/* __BVIC_PRIO_BITS will be specified when CMSIS is being used. */
#define configPRIO_BITS __NVIC_PRIO_BITS
#else
#define configPRIO_BITS 4 /* 15 priority levels */
#endif
/* The lowest interrupt priority that can be used in a call to a "set priority"
function. */
#define configLIBRARY_LOWEST_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY 0x0f
/* The highest interrupt priority that can be used by any interrupt service
routine that makes calls to interrupt safe FreeRTOS API functions. DO NOT CALL
INTERRUPT SAFE FREERTOS API FUNCTIONS FROM ANY INTERRUPT THAT HAS A HIGHER
PRIORITY THAN THIS! (higher priorities are lower numeric values. */
#define configLIBRARY_MAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY 0x01
FreeRTOS的配置：
FreeRTOSConfig.h文件中的配置如下：
复制代码
/* Ensure stdint is only used by the compiler, and not the assembler. */
#if defined(__ICCARM__) || defined(__CC_ARM) || defined(__GNUC__)
#include
extern volatile uint32_t ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks;
/* Ensure stdint is only used by the compiler, and not the assembler. */
#if defined(__ICCARM__) || defined(__CC_ARM) || defined(__GNUC__)
#include
extern volatile uint32_t ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks;
#endif
#define configUSE_PREEMPTION 1
#define configUSE_IDLE_HOOK 0
#define configUSE_TICK_HOOK 0
#define configCPU_CLOCK_HZ ( ( unsigned long ) 168000000 )
#define configTICK_RATE_HZ ( ( TickType_t ) 1000 )
#define configMAX_PRIORITIES ( 5 )
#define configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE ( ( unsigned short ) 128 )
#define configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE ( ( size_t ) ( 30 * 1024 ) )
#define configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN ( 16 )
#define configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY 1
#define configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS 0
#define configIDLE_SHOULD_YIELD 1
/* Run time and task stats gathering related definitions. */
#define configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS 1
#define configUSE_STATS_FORMATTING_FUNCTIONS 1
#define portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS() (ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks = 0ul)
#define portGET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE() ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks
//#define portALT_GET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE 1
/* Co-routine definitions. */
#define configUSE_CO_ROUTINES 0
#define configMAX_CO_ROUTINE_PRIORITIES ( 2 )
/* Set the following definitions to 1 to include the API function, or zero
to exclude the API function. */
#define INCLUDE_vTaskPrioritySet 1
#define INCLUDE_uxTaskPriorityGet 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskDelete 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskCleanUpResources 0
#define INCLUDE_vTaskSuspend 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskDelayUntil 1
#define INCLUDE_vTaskDelay 1
/* Cortex-M specific definitions. */
#ifdef __NVIC_PRIO_BITS
/* __BVIC_PRIO_BITS will be specified when CMSIS is being used. */
#define configPRIO_BITS __NVIC_PRIO_BITS
#else
#define configPRIO_BITS 4 /* 15 priority levels */
#endif
/* The lowest interrupt priority that can be used in a call to a "set priority"
function. */
#define configLIBRARY_LOWEST_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY 0x0f
/* The highest interrupt priority that can be used by any interrupt service
routine that makes calls to interrupt safe FreeRTOS API functions. DO NOT CALL
INTERRUPT SAFE FREERTOS API FUNCTIONS FROM ANY INTERRUPT THAT HAS A HIGHER
PRIORITY THAN THIS! (higher priorities are lower numeric values. */
#define configLIBRARY_MAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY 0x01
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